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Primary sources

• The Macedonian Question. Slaveykov, Petko (18 January 1871). Published in newspaper "Macedonia". original Bulgarian English translation
  • "We have heard many times from the Macedonists that they are not Bulgarians but Macedonians, descendants of the Ancient Macedonians… they insist on their Macedonian origin"
  • "Some Macedonists distinguish themselves from the Bulgarians upon another basis – they are pure Slavs, while the Bulgarians are Tartars"
  • Overall, Slaveykov describes the Macedonians as having no basis for claiming to be non-Bulgarians. He believes they feel second-rate compared to “upper Bulgarians.
• Letter to the Bulgarian Exarch. Slaveykov, Petko (January 1874). original Bulgarian English translation
  • "has given birth among local patriots to the disastrous idea of working independently on the advancement of their own local dialect and what’s more, of their own, individual Macedonian hierarchy…"
  • • Slaveykov warns the Exarch of the potential of the Macedonian Bulgarians to be incorporated into the Roman Catholic church as a resurrection of the Archbishopric of Ohrid.

• Communist Activities Among Aliens and National Groups. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-first Congress, First Session, on S. 1832, a Bill to Amend the Immigration Act of October 16, 1918, as Amended · Part 1. Pages 179-198. 8 June 1949. Google books
  • George Pirinsky testifies before the US Senate subcommittee and speaks of Macedonia and the Macedonian-American People's League.
• Cincinnati Enquirer 17 June 1956
  • We're not Greek... We don't know how to speak Greek-it's a different language. We speak Macedonian.

• Nace Dimov

Secondary Sources

• South Slavs in Michigan. Cetinich, Daniel (31 July 2003). Michigan State University Press. (ISBN 9780870139024). Google Books
  • "even the Ilinden Uprising in 1903 failed to free it. Macedonia thereafter became prey to infiltrating groups of Bulgarians, Serbs, and Greeks, who fought each other and the Turks in an attempt to seize Macedonia for their respective countries. Leaders from within Macedonia forged the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) with the goal of creating an independent state."
  • "Even though Macedonian Slavs saw themselves as a separate Slavic people in the nineteenth century, their idea of a nation had been subsumed by a strong attachment to their individual villages (selo)."
  • "These immigrants adopted Greek ethnicity when they opened restaurants or bakeries in order to simplify their complicated immigration history."
  • Sam Brayant created the first Coney Island hot dog in Flint.
  • "These immigrants did not always claim to be Macedonian, opting at times to be Greek, Bulgarian, or Yugoslav, depending upon the political wind."
  • "It soon became apparent, however, that [the MPO] was a Bulgarian front organization whose Bulgarian and Macedonian agents were bent on dominating the Macedonian liberation movement for the advancement of Bulgarian interests."
• The Peoples of Michigan: Ethnic organizations in Michigan. University of Michigan (1983). Ethnos Press. Google Books
• Immigrants in American History. Elliott Robert Barkan (2013). ABC-
  • "[The MPO] continued to oppose... the intentions of the Bulgarian government to include all of Historic Macedonia into Bulgaria."
  • "Some people and organizations active in the United States between 1945 and 1991 identified themselves as Macedonians but had no relations with (and may have even opposed) the existence of... Republic of Macedonia."
  • "Slavophone Macedonians... were afraid that if they joined a Bulgarian-Macedonian or Macedonian immigrant church or organization, their relatives would suffer.
  • "The Pan-Macedonian Association... used Greek as the official language... but spoke a Macedonian-Slavic language among themselves. Their ethnic traditions, songs, dances, and food were the same as those of ethnic Macedonians"
  • "The best known Macedonian American was the writer Sotyan Christowe"
  • "Another Macedonian-American politician was Tim Goeglin"
  • "Mike Ilitch (originally Iliev)"
  • "Nick Vanoff (19129-1991), a Hollywood television and film producer"
  • "Pete Maravich... born in Pennsylvania to parents of Serbian and Macedonian backgrounds"
• Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe. Eberhardt, Piotr (2003). M.E. Sharpe. (ISBN 9780765618337). Google Books [1]
  • At the turn of the 20th century:
    • "The vast majority of inhabitants of this region belong to various Slavic nations (Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Macedonians, Montenegrins, and Bulgarians)... Southern Slavs spoke Bulgarian, Macedonian, Slovenian, or Serbo-Croatian."
    • "Macedonians were categorized as Bulgarians."
    • "the population of Macedonian origin that lived outside the borders of Bulgaria shaped their own nation, whereas a decisive majority of the Macedonian population living in Bulgaria eventually assimilated and became Bulgarians."
  • WWII:
    • "...the Bulgarian authorities treated Macedonians as members of the Bulgarian nation. Macedonians refused to accept this situation, instead emphasizing their separate national and cultural identity."
    • "Virtually all the native Slav inhabitants of Macedonia declared themselves of Macedonian nationality."

• The Aspirations of Bulgaria. Google books
• Lingua e nazionalità in Macedonia. Google books
  • Sara un'impresa abbastanza dura, perche l'idea slavo-macedone e germinata proprio in questi circoli russi, fin dal 1877. In quella data aveva appunto fatto ritorno da una missione in Macedonia il filologo Draganov, di origine bulgaro-bassarabiana, i cui contributi scientifici avrebbero introdotto il pubblico colto della capitale russa all'esistenza di un'area linguistica slava, in quella regione dei Balcani, dotata di caratteri individuanti propri e non assimilabili a quelli serbi e bulgari; ancora in tempi recentissimi Draganov era intervenuto a sostenere, sulle colonne di un autorevole giornale di Petroburgo, il buon diritto degli Slavi macedoni - o meglio Macedoni nel pieno sneso nazionale, e non piu solo geografico, della parola - al riconoscimento da parte russa quale nazionalita a se stante ed anzi maggioritaria in casa propria, in Macedonia. E probabile che Saldev alludesse anche a Aksaskov, il quale, come aveva ricordato qualche mese prima uno dei Macedoni mobiltati nella campagna anti-separatista in Bulgaria, gia nel 1886 aveva consigliato ai suoi allievi macedoni di stupire il mondo con la loro inipendenza. Il fatto che ai suoi giorni Aksakov militasse su posizioni reazionarie nell'ambito dello slavofilismo russo consentiva di stendere un'ombra nera sulla sua esortazione a "prendre come lingua letteraria la vostra parlata macedone, che e piu ricca di quella bulgara e piu vicina alla nostra russa"
    • It will be quite a tough undertaking, because the Slavic-Macedonian idea has germinated precisely in these Russian circles, since 1877. On that date, the philologist Draganov, of Bulgarian-Low Arabian origin, had returned from a mission in Macedonia, whose scientific contributions would have introduced the educated public of the Russian capital to the existence of a Slavic linguistic area, in that region of the Balkans, endowed with its own identifying characteristics and not comparable to the Serbian and Bulgarian ones; even in very recent times Draganov had intervened to support, in the columns of an authoritative newspaper in Petroburg, the good right of the Macedonian Slavs - or rather Macedonians in the full national sense, and no longer only geographic, of the word - to the recognition by the Russian side as a nationality in its own right and indeed majority in its own home, in Macedonia. It is likely that Saldev also alluded to Aksaskov, who, as one of the Macedonians mobilized in the anti-separatist campaign in Bulgaria had recalled a few months earlier, had already advised his Macedonian students in 1886 to amaze the world with their independence. The fact that in his day Aksakov militated on reactionary positions in the context of Russian Slavophilism allowed to cast a black shadow on his exhortation to "take your Macedonian language as a literary language, which is richer than Bulgarian and closer to ours. Russian "

Miscellaneous

• Gorani being used by Bulgaria as political tokens
• 1992 CIA map shows Macedonians as a minority in Pirin

Maps

• A Pallas nagy lexikona, 1897 dupe
• Military History Museum, 1900
• 1908
• Cvijic, 1912 dupe
• Weinrab/Carnegie, 1914 dupe
• Daily Telegraph, 1916
• CS Hammond & Co, 1917
• Daily Telegraph, 1918
• Cvijic, 1918 dupe dupe
• Soteriadis, 1918 dupe
• Larned, 1922
• Sammlerstuck, 1924
• 1918 Daily Telegraph

Macedonia for the Macedonians

• Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. John Shea (1997). McFarland & Company. (ISBN 9781476621760). Google books
  • "By the last two decades of the nineteenth century, the European powers were well aware of a spirit of national consciousness, based on ethnic and language differences from other Balkan areas, within Macedonia. The slogan "Macedonia for the Macedonians" was adopted by the English politician Gladstone in this period."

• Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. Benjamin Lieberman (2013). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. (ISBN 9781442230385). Google books
  • In England, Gladstone had called for "Macedonia for the Macedonians," but the British journalist G.W. Steevens noted in 1897 that "there are at least six kinds of Macedonians. Each insists that it is the true and only heir, and must enter into the whole inheritance". A Macedonian could be a Turk, an Albanian, a Serb, a Bulgarian, a Greek, a Vlach-and there were even some who saw themselves as members of a separate and distinct Macedonian nation."

• A short history of the Yugoslav peoples. Fred Singleton (1985). Cambridge University Press. (ISBN 9780521274852). Google books
  • "Few accepted the idea that there might be a separate Macedonian nation, although Gladstone had raised the slogan 'Macedonia for the Macedonians' during the Midlothian campaign of 1879-80."

• Jugoslawien. Jutta de Jong (1984). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht in Goettingen. (ISBN 9783525273159). Google books
  • "mit dieser ebenso einfachen wie genialen Frage verblueffte der englische Staatsmann Gladstone Anfang 1897 die europaeische Oeffentlichkeit. Seine Rethorik verwies nitch nur die schaerfsten Konkurrenten um den Zankapfel Makedonien, Serbien und Bulgarien, in ihre Grenzen. Es musste auch so scheinen, als haette er mit einem Federstrich eine Nationalitaet aus der Taufe gehoben, die sich allein ueber den Namen ihres Siedlungsgebietes definierte, die Makeondier. Dies wirkte um so befremdlicher, als eigenstaendige Interessen der Bewohner des umstrittenen Raumes bis dahin weder wahrgenommen worden waren, geschweige denn zur Debatte gestanden haetten. Ihre Interessen waren berets von Serbien, Bulgarien, und Griechenland festgelegt - wenn auch divergent. Entsprechend war die "makedonische Frage" ausschliesslich unter dem Aspekt diskutiert worden, welcher dieser drei Nachbarstaaten die zentrale Balkanregion zugebilligt werden koennte, ohne das labile politische Gleichgewicht auf dem Balkan zu gefaehrden."

Macedonians in Romania

• Romanian Cultural Institute ("by Anonymous")
• Ethnic Minorities Living in Romania
• Sociologie Craiova, explains present-day traditions, no history
• [2]
• [3]

Gora

• The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders
  • Page 437: "They [Slavs of Greek Macedonia] have a political party of their own, called 'Rainbow'... This political party promotes a Slavic Macedonian identity, which now seems to prevail among this minority".
  • Page 438: "All the Slavic minorities in Albania are targeted by Bulgarian cross-border nationalism, although Bulgaria and Albania do not share a border... As a member of the European Union (EU), Bulgaria can offer these minorities more benefits than the less affluent Macedonia."

Fascism in BG

• Battling Over the Balkans. Central European University Press. Constantine Iordachi, John R. Lampe. 10 September 2020. Pages 193-196. Google books
  • By fascism echoed and found adherents in Bulgaria. Its presence in the Bulgarian space is beyond doubt. Initially it was manifested only in the propaganda of the experience of Italian fascism, consequently, also in the establishment of formations, which partially or fully professed a fascist program and organizational principles.
  • Organizations with several hundred to several dozens of thousands membership were founded.
  • Three major stages...: early fascism (proto-fascism), in the first half of the 1920s... formation of the first organizational nuclei of fascist activity; rapid development of some organizations... coincident with the rise of National Socialism in Germany... until the coup of 1934; fully developed fascist ideology and of organizations with considerable membership, activity, and presence, in the second half of the 1930s and the beginning of the 1940s.
  • Anti-Semitism became an essential feature of the Bulgarian political landscape... maintained by Rodna Zashtita, which made serious efforts to formulate... the kindred relationship among Masons, Jews, and communists
  • ''anti-Semitism found a warm reception among the youth's movement of the Legions.
• Suprerman Supreme: Fascist Body as Political Icon - Global Fascism. 25 February 2014. Taylor & Francis. Vassil Girginov and Peter Bankov. Pages 83-93. Google books
  • With the end of the Communist era in 1989, a radical view emerged suggesting that Fascism never existed in Bulgaria. This is not true. Although, Bulgaria's variant of Fascism was not as total as elsewhere, inspection of the country's history provides persuasive evidence of the domination of the Fascist ideological doctrine, the efforts of various government administrations and institutions to ensure its acceptance in society and their aspiration to create an 'Aryan' manhood.
• Problems of the Transition from Capitalism to Socialism in Bulgaria. 1975. Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
  • Fascism in Bulgaria, like fascism in all the other countries, was established as the brutal and bloody dictatorship of the most reactionary and chauvinistic circles of the bourgeoisie.
• The Literature of Nationalism. Robert B. Pynsent. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 27 July 2016. Google books. Necho Iliev and Yanko Yanev.
• Jovanov

CIA documents

Pirin Macedonia

• Terror and Denationalization in Pirin Macedonia, 27 March 1950
• Athens, I Kathimerini, 27 Mar 53
  • "there are many foreigners, especially... Macedonians, in this concentration camp. The Macedonians, who were taken prisoner during 1951 on the pretext that they were in contact with Yugoslav Macedonians, number about 400. Even though these prisoners are undernourished, they are obliged to work 8 - 10 hours a day, cutting down trees and constructing roads."
• Information Report, 2 November 1950
  • "the majority of the Macedonians in the Pirin area sympathize with Tito and would reject Moscow protection. The Pirin Macedonians are particularly sensitive to interference with their national rights because they are not recognized as a nationality and because the Bulgarian language has replaced Macedonian since the Cominform rift"

Aegean Macedonia

• Greeks express interest in transferring Slavic minority to Yugoslavia, 25 January 1953
• Macedonia Perennial Bone of Contention, 19 November 1958
  • "The Macedonian Slavs of Greece are considered as a linguistic minority variously estimated at 3.5 to 12 percent of the total population of Greek Macedonia."

Biographies

Sarafov

Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory. Todorova, Maria (2004). (ISBN 9780814782798). NYU Press. Google Books

• "Sarafov's reputation as pro-Bulgarian and, more specifically, pro-royalist Bulgarian, represents a more complex process of partial historicisation."
• "Writing in 1903, Krste Misirkov made a... claim regarding Sarafov, that he was very much at odds with the Bulgarian administration, in his activism to separate Macedonian from Bulgarian politics"
• "in 1898, Sarafov aimed to bring about 'unity of action' between Macedonian organisations in Sofia and in Belgrade"
• "in 1902, where he tried to win Serbian backing for the project of 'Macedonia for Macedonians', pointing out that only by this means could they oppose the annexationists among Macedonian circles who were effectively agents of Bulgarian policy"
• "Sarafov onces stated that Macedonians would submit to the control of neither Serbs nor Bulgarians, being different from both."
• "his own apparent position was strongly autonomist."
• pages 242, 245-247 needed

Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press 2003

Biography

Boris Sarafov was born in 1872, in village Libyahovo (today Ilinden), Nevrokop region, in the Salonica Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. He grew up schooled through the Bulgarian Exarchate's school in Nevrokop and the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki. Later Sarafov attended the Military School of His Majesty in Sofia, capital of the recently created Principality of Bulgaria. His training in this institution ended in 1894. Afterwards he worked for a short period of time as Bulgarian Army officer. In 1895 Sarafov became a member of the Macedonian Supreme Committee and was releaseаd from the Army. Than he just have led an insurgent operation in Ottoman Macedonia and occupied Melnik for a few days. Later he worked again as officer for a short time. Six years after the establishment of the Macedonian Supreme Committee based in Sofia, in 1899 he became its leader. As a rule, most of its leaders were with stronger connections with the governments, waging struggle for a direct unification with Bulgaria. During his time under the patronage of Prince Ferdinand, Sarafov was conjuring revolutionary ideas that later proved to be at odds with the policy of the government. Sarafov had apparently overstepped his prerogatives by plotting the assassination of a Romanian newspaper editor Ștefan Mihăileanu, who had published unflattering remarks about the Committee. The journalist's murder brought Bulgaria and Romania to the brink of war. In 1901 Sarafov was stripped of his chairmanship and jailed for a month.

Sarafov was also a man of considerable charm. He had travelled widely in Europe raising funds for a war against the Turks. This included seducing the plain daughters or bored wives of wealthy men and persuading them to make donations to the revolutionary cause. By 1904, Sarafov had a reputation of profiteering and embezzling funds from his organization. He was described by William Curtis in 1903 as "a notorious gambler and dissolute politician" and by Joseph Swire in 1939 as "violent, tiresome, unscrupulous, with a genius for publicity."

Prior to the Ilinden Uprising, Sarafov was criticized as pro-Serbian, the result of actions considered anti-Bulgarian. In 1902, Sarafov visited Belgrade trying to gain Serbian support for a "Macedonia for Macedonians" to oppose the Bulgarian annexationists in Macedonia.

In 1902 Sarafov was elected among the leaders of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO). He participated in the Ilinden Uprising and after all seemed lost, along with Dame Gruev attempted to exploit the Supremacists’ former favourable position with the Bulgarian government, by sending it a desperate letter pleading for military assistance, but failed. The failure of the Ilinden Uprising also reignited the old rivalries between the varying factions of the Macedonian revolutionary movement. Sarafov resorted back to his old ways, turning against left-wing leading figures such as Yane Sandanski and Hristo Chernopeev, earning him much suspicion. The left-wing faction opposed Bulgarian nationalism and advocated the creation of a Balkan Federation with equality for all subjects and nationalities. The Centralist's faction of the IMARO, drifted more and more towards Bulgarian nationalism since 1904. The years 1905-1907 saw the slow split between the two factions. Finally, as a result Sarafov was sentenced to death from the leftists. He was assassinated in 1907 in Sofia together with Ivan Garvanov by Todor Panitsa, a trusted man of Yane Sandanski.

Legacy in Macedonia

A criticism of Sarafov is that he was more concerned with his own agenda than the people he claimed to represent. During his life, views of Sarafov varied by account. Edith Durham wrote in 1903 following the Ilinden Uprising that he was unpopular in the Lake Prespa region. The British consul in Monastir (Bitola) reported that he was immensely popular there in January 1904. In 1903, Krste Misirkov claimed Sarafov was very much at odds with the Bulgarian administration.

Sarafov in 1901 stated in an interview that Macedonians had a distinct "national element"; the following year, he stated "We the Macedonians are neither Serbs nor Bulgarians, but simply Macedonians."

In Yugoslav Macedonia, Sarafov was not accepted in the official historiography.

As part of the controversial nation-building project Skopje 2014, a monument to Sarafov was erected in the center of the city in 2012. The monument was dismantled without explanation in 2018 by the municipal authorities. A street named after Sarafov was renamed to its old name in 2021, also without explanation.

Pirinsky

• Zecker

Dijamandija Misajkov

Dijamandija Mišajkov (macédonien : Дијамандија Мишајков; 1872-1953) was a Macedonian activist. Misajkov was one of the founders the Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society in Saint Petersburg in 1902. He had published a "Macedonist" newspaper in Belgrade in 1902.

Atanas Razdolov

https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_1978/vY0cAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&dq=%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&printsec=frontcover

Bulgarians in Albania

• 15 Albanian citizens registered to vote in 2021 Bulgarian election

Golo Brdo

• The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders, Klaus Steinke. 2016. Identity Problems of the Gorani. link text
• Macedonians of Islamic Religion in the Context of Identity Theories. Katica Kulavkova. MANU. European Scientific Journal. June 2018. downloaded.
• Minorities in the Balkans. Vladimir Ortakovski. 2000. Transnational Publishers. Page 195. text link
• snippet Фолклорот и етнологијата на Битола и Битолско]. 1981. MANU. Page 457.
• JPRS Report. 1993. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. Pages 43-44. snippet
• When Languages Collide. OSU Press. 2003.
• Nestor Kole

(Kristo Pinko

Macedonian Muslims

• The Anthropological Field on the Margins of Europe, 1945-1991. Lit Verlag. 2013. Page 287. preview
• Macedonia and Greece. John Shea. McFarland. downloaded.
• Religion in the Post-Yugoslav Context. Lexington Books. 2015. Page 129. preview
• title=Историја и географија |year=2014 |publisher=Институт за новију историју Србије,Географски институт "Јован Цвијић" САНУ |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Istorija_i_geografija_susreti_i_pro%C5%BEima/IhwkBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=torbesh+%22turkey%22&pg=PA351&printsec=frontcover |page=351; for info on Albanians
• Ethnic Minorities and Politics in Post-Socialist Southeastern Europe. Macedonian Muslims in Kosovo.

2021 census

• only residential population matters

Recurrent perennialism

Recurrent perennialism in nationalism studies is one of two versions of perennialism, the other being continuous perennialism. Proponents of this version hold that the nation as "a category of human association that can be found everywhere throughout history". Particular nations may come to pass but the nation itself is recurrent. By contrast, continuous perennialism argues that modern nations have roots extending hundreds or thousands of years into the past and emphasizes continuity. Recurrent perennialism tends to be favored by social scientists and ancient historians. While the two versions are not clearly separate, recurrent perennialists tend to be more nuanced than their continuous counterparts.

English

Some historians including Adrian Hastings and John Gillingham argue that King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon kingdom was an English nation.

Jewish

Hastings holds the view that the Jews lost their sense of nationhood and found it again after two millennia. Steven Grosby also supports this view, arguing that Jewish nationalism has appeared variously from antiquity to modern Israel. Recurrent perennialism as applied to Jews also suggests that their collective identity sustained over its long period of "dispersion and fragmentation".

Balkans

The national historiographies of the Albanians (with the Illyrians and Pelasgians), Bulgarians (with the Thracians), Macedonians, Romanians (with the Dacians and Romans), and Serbs feature recurrent perennialism, aided by "national awakeners". The Greek national narrative also initially contained recurrent perennialism but has since become one of primordialism.

Macedonian

By the time the ethnic Macedonians achieved a nation-state in Yugoslavia in 1944, their neighboring nations had already "almost completely plundered the historical events and characters from the land, and there was only debris left for the belated nation."

Macedonians in Bulgaria

• An Ounce of Prevention, Henryk Sokalski. 2003. US Institute of Peace Press. (ISBN 9781929223466). Page 56.
  • "Throughout the 1990s, police forces in the Pirin region prevented Macedonians from paying homage to one of the heroes of the Ilinden Uprising, Jane Sandanski, at his gravesite... Bulgarian authorities also restrained the Pirin region's ethnic Macedonian organizations.

Macedonians in Greece

Pavlos Voskopolous

• Destroying Ethnic Identity
• Who Are the Macedonians
• Challenges and Barriers

Rusulenchich

Risto Vasilev Rusulenchich (macédonien : Ристо Василев Русуленчич) was a Macedonian activist. He was born in 1883 in Vodina, Ottoman Macedonia, where he completed Greek high school. Rusulenchich completed Serbian high school in Constantinople in 1902. He was a student of physics in Russia and became one of the founders of the Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society in Saint Petersburg in 1902, serving as its librarian. He completed his studies in Odessa in 1909.

References

Vlado Makelarski (macédonien : Владо Макеларски) was a Macedonian parisan in World War II.

Inscription

1. ....аемъ и дѣлаемъ Їѡаном самодрьжъцемъ блъгарьско...

2. ...омощїѫ и молїтвамї прѣс͠тыѧ владч҃ицѧ нашеѧ Б͠цѧ ї в...

3. ...ѫпенїе І҃В҃ і врьховънюю апл҃ъ съ же градь дѣлань быст...

4. ...ѣж.... и на спс҃енѥ ї на жизнь бльгаромъ начѧть же і...

5. ...... градь с.....и..ола м͠ца ок...вра въ К҃. коньчѣ же сѧ м͠ца...

6. ...ис.................................................быстъ бльгарїнь родомь ѹ...

7. ...к..................................................благовѣрьнѹ сынь Арона С.....

8. ......................................................рьжавьнаго ꙗже i разбїсте .....

9. .......................................................лїа кде же вьзꙙто бы зл.....

10. ....................................................фоꙙ съ же в... цр҃ь ра.....

11. ....................................................в.. лѣ... оть створ...а мира

12. ........................................................мѹ исходꙙщѹ.

Recurrent perennialism

• English: The Nation in History Historiographical Debates about Ethnicity and Nationalism, Anthony D. Smith, Polity Press
• general: Theories of Nationalism A Critical Introduction, Umut Ozkirimli, Bloomsbury

Statue beheadings

• [4]
• [5]

Greek identity

• Costa Carras, Greek Identity: A Long View. Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory.
  • "In the later fourth century, with the gradual decline of Athens and Sparta, Philip and Alexander of Macedon, considered 'barbarian' by political opponents such as Demosthenes (for example in the Third Philippic 31), justified the imposition of an alliance as a means to obtain revenge against Persia." pg. 303
  • "Constantine/Cyril and Methodios translated liturgical texts into Slavonic, opposing the then fashionable theory of just three sacred languages." pg. 307
  • "In 1830, Jakob Fallmerayer attacked the national storyline, asserting modern Hellenes were not descendants of the ancients, but of Slavs and Albanians." pg. 318
  • "Greek speaking Muslims were indeed inassimilable into the body of post-independence Hellens while Albanian speaking Orthodox played a crucial role in the war of independence, and Albanian was a second language in the Greek navy into the twentieth century... Orthodox Albanians' relationship to the Greek tradition has however remained fluid." pg. 320
  • "The area of sharpest confrontation was Macedonia. Here, most Vlachs, who called themselves 'Aroumanoi' and shared the Romaic background and commercial proclivities of many Greeks speakers, preferred the Hellenic state to the alternatives. Even so, however, some were attracted by linguistic affinity to Romania, despite its distance. By contrast, two Slav states were close. Yet some Slavic speakers gravitated to the Greek camp out of loyalty to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the focus of politico-religious loyalty in previous centuries. More preferred Bulgaria, Serbia or, ultimately, their own Slav Macedonian identity. Many villages in Macedonia were reluctant to make the choice at all, being so unenlightened in nineteenth century terms as to suppose nationalism was less important than their existing religious unity. These were often forced into one of the competing national camps by the exercise of organised violence." pg. 320
  • "The Balkan Wars of 1912-13 brought large numbers of Muslims, Jews, and non-Greek speaking Orthodox into the Greek state. Initially the pressure for assimilation or departure was heaviest on those Orthodox who did not accept Hellenism" pg. 321

List of songs about Bitola

• "Едно време си бев ерген"
• "Таму долу Битола" - македонска народна песна.
• "Оро се виет во сред Битола" - македонска народна песна.
• "Под Битола ливада" - македонска народна песна.
• "Излегов да се прошетам" - македонска народна песна.
• "Кога легна бегу кога заспа" - македонска народна песна.
• "Ленка пишит, Ленка пишит" - македонска народна песна.
• "Ѓорѓија војник отиде" - македонска народна песна.
• "Телеграма дојде пукот да се дигат" - македонска народна песна.
• "Таму долу в ливаѓето" - македонска народна песна.
• "Кираџи млади јабанџи" - македонска народна песна.
• "Бојот се започна" - македонска народна песна.
• "Јас си појду во Битоља" - македонска народна песна.
• "Битола, бабам, Битола" - македонска народна песна.
• "Од Битола појдов" - македонска народна песна.
• "Битола, мој роден крај" - новосоздадена фолк-песна на Ајри Демировски
• "Битола, љубов моја" - новосоздадена фолк-песна на Пепи Бафтировски.
• "Ако одам во Битола" - песна на Петар Георгиев-Калица
• "Ајде да одиме во Битола" - песна на групата Филиграни
• "Фала мајко" - песна на групата Филиграни

Kocarev

• kanal 5
• nova makedonija